前言
文章沿着设计一个假想的应用 awesome_app 为主线,从零创建修改数据库,表格,字段属性,索引,字符集,默认值,自增,增删改查,多表查询,内置函数等实用 SQL 语句。收藏此文,告别零散又低效地搜索经常使用的 SQL 语句。所有 SQL 都在 MySQL 下通过验证,可留着日后回顾参考,也可跟着动手一起做,如果未安装 MySQL 可参考 《macOS 安装 mysql》 (windows 安装大同小异)。
1. 创建
1.1 创建数据库
语法:create database db_name
示例:创建应用数据库 awesome_app
create database `awesome_app`
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1.2 创建表格
语法:create table table_name ( … columns )
示例:创建用户表 users
create table `users`
(
`id` int,
`name` char(10),
`avatar` varchar(300),
`regtime` date
)
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1.3 创建索引
语法:create index index_name on table_name (column_name)
示例:为用户 id 创建索引 idx_id
create index `idx_id` on `users` (`id`)
/* 创建唯一索引 */
create unique index `idx_id` on `users` (`id`)
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1.4 为已存在的列创建主键
更常用的方式是在创建表语句所有列定义的后面添加一行 primary key (column_name)。
语法:alter table table_name add primary key (column_name)
示例:将用户 id 设为主键
alter table users add primary key (`id`)
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1.5 为已存在的列创建自增约束
更常用的方式是在创建表语句中添加自增列 id int not null auto_increment。
alter table `users` modify `id` int not null auto_increment
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2. 插入
语法:
insert into table_name values (value1, value2, …)
insert into table_name (column1, column2, …) values (value1, value2, …)
示例:新增注册用户
insert into `users` values (1, 'ken', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar1.jpg', curdate())
/* 指定列插入 */
insert into `users` (`name`, `avatar`) values ('bill', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar2.jpg')
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3. 修改
3.1 修改数据记录
语法:
update table_name set column=new_value where condition
update table_name set column1=new_value1,column2=new_value2,… wherecondition
示例:
update `users` set `regtime`=curdate() where `regtime` is null
/* 一次修改多列 */
update `users` set `name`='steven',`avatar`='http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/steven.jpg' where `id`=1
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3.2 修改数据库字符集为 utf8
alter database `awesome_app` default character set utf8
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3.3 修改表字符集为 utf8
alter table `users` convert to character set utf8
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3.4 修改表字段字符集为 utf8
alter table `users` modify `name` char(10) character set utf8
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3.5 修改字段类型
alter table `users` modify `regtime` datetime not null
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3.5 修改字段默认值
alter table `users` alter `regtime` set default '2019-10-12 00:00:00'
/* 设置默认为当前时间 current_timestamp,需要重新定义整个列 */
alter table `users` modify `regtime` datetime not null default current_timestamp
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3.6 修改字段注释
alter table `users` modify `id` int not null auto_increment comment '用户ID';
alter table `users` modify `name` char(10) comment '用户名';
alter table `users` modify `avatar` varchar(300) comment '用户头像';
alter table `users` modify `regtime` datetime not null default current_timestamp comment '注册时间';
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修改后,查看改动后的列:
mysql> show full columns from users;
+---------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| Field | Type | Collation | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges | Comment |
+---------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------+
| id | int(11) | NULL | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | select,insert,update,references | 用户ID |
| name | char(10) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | 用户名 |
| avatar | varchar(300) | utf8_general_ci | YES | | NULL | | select,insert,update,references | 用户头像 |
| regtime | datetime | NULL | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | | select,insert,update,references | 注册时间 |
+---------+--------------+-----------------+------+-----+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------+
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4. 删除
4.1 删除数据记录
语法:delete from table_name where condition
示例:删除用户名未填写的用户
# 先增加一条用户名为空的用户
mysql> insert into `users` (`regtime`) values (curdate());
mysql> select * from users;
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+
| id | name | avatar | regtime |
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1 | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/steven.jpg | 2019-10-12 |
| 2 | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar2.jpg | 2019-10-12 |
| 3 | NULL | NULL | 2019-10-12 |
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+
# 删除用户名为空的行
mysql> delete from `users` where `name` is null;
mysql> select * from users;
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+
| id | name | avatar | regtime |
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1 | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/steven.jpg | 2019-10-12 |
| 2 | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar2.jpg | 2019-10-12 |
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+------------+
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4.2 删除数据库
drop database if exists `awesome_app`
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4.3 删除表
drop table if exists `users`
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4.4 清空表中所有数据
这个操作相当于先 drop table 再 create table ,因此需要有 drop 权限。
truncate table `users`
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4.5 删除索引
drop index `idx_id` on `users`
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5. 查询
5.1 语法
SELECT
[ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ]
[HIGH_PRIORITY]
[STRAIGHT_JOIN]
[SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT]
[SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]
select_expr [, select_expr ...]
[FROM table_references
[PARTITION partition_list]
[WHERE where_condition]
[GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}
[ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
[HAVING where_condition]
[ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}
[ASC | DESC], ...]
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
[PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]
[INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
[CHARACTER SET charset_name]
export_options
| INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name'
| INTO var_name [, var_name]]
[FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]
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5.2 单表查询
5.2.1 准备数据:
insert into users (`name`, `avatar`) values
('张三', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg'),
('李四', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg'),
('王五', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg'),
('马六', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/6.jpg'),
('肖七', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/7.jpg'),
('刘八', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/8.jpg'),
('杨九', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/9.jpg'),
('郑十', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/10.jpg');
/* 增加重复行 */
insert into users (`name`, `avatar`) values
('张三', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg'),
('李四', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg'),
('王五', 'http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg');
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5.2.2 查询所有列
mysql> select * from users;
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| id | name | avatar | regtime |
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1 | steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/steven.jpg | 2019-10-12 00:00:00 |
| 2 | bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar2.jpg | 2019-10-12 00:00:00 |
| 3 | 张三 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 4 | 李四 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 5 | 王五 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 6 | 马六 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/6.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 7 | 肖七 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/7.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 8 | 刘八 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/8.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 9 | 杨九 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/9.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 10 | 郑十 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/10.jpg | 2019-10-13 10:58:37 |
| 11 | 张三 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg | 2019-10-13 11:20:17 |
| 12 | 李四 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg | 2019-10-13 11:20:17 |
| 13 | 王五 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg | 2019-10-13 11:20:17 |
+----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
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5.2.3 查询指定列
mysql> select id,name from users;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | steven |
| 2 | bill |
| 3 | 张三 |
| 4 | 李四 |
| 5 | 王五 |
| 6 | 马六 |
| 7 | 肖七 |
| 8 | 刘八 |
| 9 | 杨九 |
| 10 | 郑十 |
| 11 | 张三 |
| 12 | 李四 |
| 13 | 王五 |
+----+--------+
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5.2.4 查询不重复记录
mysql> select distinct name,avatar from users;
+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| name | avatar |
+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| steven | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/steven.jpg |
| bill | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/avatar2.jpg |
| 张三 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/3.jpg |
| 李四 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/4.jpg |
| 王五 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/5.jpg |
| 马六 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/6.jpg |
| 肖七 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/7.jpg |
| 刘八 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/8.jpg |
| 杨九 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/9.jpg |
| 郑十 | http://cdn.awesome_app.com/path/to/xxx/10.jpg |
+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
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5.2.5 限制查询行数
查询前几行
mysql> select id,name from users limit 2;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | steven |
| 2 | bill |
+----+--------+
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查询从指定偏移(第一行为偏移为0)开始的几行
mysql> select id,name from users limit 2,3;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 3 | 张三 |
| 4 | 李四 |
| 5 | 王五 |
+----+--------+
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5.2.6 排序
# 正序
mysql> select distinct name from users order by name asc limit 3;
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| bill |
| steven |
| 刘八 |
+--------+
# 倒序
mysql> select id,name from users order by id desc limit 3;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 13 | 王五 |
| 12 | 李四 |
| 11 | 张三 |
+----+--------+
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5.2.7 分组
增加城市字段
alter table `users` add `city` varchar(10) comment '用户所在城市' after `name`;
update `users` set `city`='旧金山' where `id`=1;
update `users` set `city`='西雅图' where `id`=2;
update `users` set `city`='北京' where `id` in (3,5,7);
update `users` set `city`='上海' where `id` in (4,6,8);
update `users` set `city`='广州' where `id` between 9 and 10;
update `users` set `city`='深圳' where `id` between 11 and 13;
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按城市分组统计用户数
mysql> select city, count(name) as num_of_user from users group by city;
+-----------+-------------+
| city | num_of_user |
+-----------+-------------+
| 上海 | 3 |
| 北京 | 3 |
| 广州 | 2 |
| 旧金山 | 1 |
| 深圳 | 3 |
| 西雅图 | 1 |
+-----------+-------------+
mysql> select city, count(name) as num_of_user from users group by city having num_of_user=1;
+-----------+-------------+
| city | num_of_user |
+-----------+-------------+
| 旧金山 | 1 |
| 西雅图 | 1 |
+-----------+-------------+
mysql> select city, count(name) as num_of_user from users group by city having num_of_user>2;
+--------+-------------+
| city | num_of_user |
+--------+-------------+
| 上海 | 3 |
| 北京 | 3 |
| 深圳 | 3 |
+--------+-------------+
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5.3 多表关联查询
5.3.1 准备数据
create table if not exists `orders`
(
`id` int not null primary key auto_increment comment '订单ID',
`title` varchar(50) not null comment '订单标题',
`user_id` int not null comment '用户ID',
`cretime` timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '创建时间'
);
create table if not exists `groups`
(
`id` int not null primary key auto_increment comment '用户组ID',
`title` varchar(50) not null comment '用户组标题',
`cretime` timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '创建时间'
);
alter table `users` add `group_id` int comment '用户分组' after `city`;
insert into `groups` (`title`) values ('大佬'), ('萌新'), ('菜鸡');
insert into `orders` (`title`, `user_id`) values ('《大佬是怎样炼成的?》', 3), ('《MySQL 从萌新到删库跑路》', 6), ('《菜鸡踩坑记》', 9);
update `users` set `group_id`=1 where `id` between 1 and 2;
update `users` set `group_id`=2 where `id` in (4, 6, 8, 10, 12);
update `users` set `group_id`=3 where `id` in (3, 5, 13);
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5.3.2 join
join
用于在多个表中查询相互匹配的数据。
mysql> select `users`.`name` as `user_name`, `orders`.`title` as `order_title` from `users`, `orders` where `orders`.`user_id`=`users`.`id`;
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| user_name | order_title |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 张三 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 |
| 马六 | 《MySQL 从萌新到删库跑路》 |
| 杨九 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
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inner join
内部连接。效果与 join 一样 , 但用法不同,join 使用 where ,inner join 使用 on 。
mysql> select `users`.`name` as `user_name`, `orders`.`title` as `order_title` from `users` inner join `orders` on `orders`.`user_id`=`users`.`id`;
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| user_name | order_title |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 张三 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 |
| 马六 | 《MySQL 从萌新到删库跑路》 |
| 杨九 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
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left join
左连接。返回左表所有行,即使右表中没有匹配的行,不匹配的用 NULL 填充。
```
mysql> select `users`.`name` as `user_name`, `orders`.`title` as `order_title` from `users` left join `orders` on `orders`.`user_id`=`users`.`id`;
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| user_name | order_title |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 张三 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 |
| 马六 | 《MySQL 从萌新到删库跑路》 |
| 杨九 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 |
| steven | NULL |
| bill | NULL |
| 李四 | NULL |
| 王五 | NULL |
| 肖七 | NULL |
| 刘八 | NULL |
| 郑十 | NULL |
| 张三 | NULL |
| 李四 | NULL |
| 王五 | NULL |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+
```
**right join**
右连接。和 left join 正好相反,会返回**右表**所有行,即使**左表**中没有匹配的行,不匹配的用 NULL 填充。
```sql
mysql> select `groups`.`title` as `group_title`, `users`.`name` as `user_name` from `groups` right join `users` on `users`.`group_id`=`groups`.`id`;
+-------------+-----------+
| group_title | user_name |
+-------------+-----------+
| 大佬 | steven |
| 大佬 | bill |
| 萌新 | 李四 |
| 萌新 | 马六 |
| 萌新 | 刘八 |
| 萌新 | 郑十 |
| 萌新 | 李四 |
| 菜鸡 | 张三 |
| 菜鸡 | 王五 |
| 菜鸡 | 王五 |
| NULL | 肖七 |
| NULL | 杨九 |
| NULL | 张三 |
+-------------+-----------+
```
**5.3.3 union**
union 用于合并两个或多个查询结果,合并的查询结果必须具有相同数量的列,并且列拥有形似的数据类型,同时列的顺序相同。
```sql
mysql> (select `id`, `title` from `groups`) union (select `id`, `title` from `orders`);
+----+--------------------------------------+
| id | title |
+----+--------------------------------------+
| 1 | 大佬 |
| 2 | 萌新 |
| 3 | 菜鸡 |
| 1 | 《大佬是怎样炼成的?》 |
| 2 | 《MySQL 从萌新到删库跑路》 |
| 3 | 《菜鸡踩坑记》 |
+----+--------------------------------------+
```
6. 函数
6.1 语法
**select function**(*column*) **from** *table_name*
6.2 合计函数(Aggregate functions)
合计函数的操作面向一系列的值,并返回一个单一的值。通常与 group by 语句一起用。
函数 描述 avg(column) 返回某列的平均值 count(column) 返回某列的行数(不包括 NULL 值) count(*) 返回被选行数 first(column) 返回在指定的域中第一个记录的值 last(column) 返回在指定的域中最后一个记录的值 max(column) 返回某列的最高值 min(column) 返回某列的最低值 sum(column) 返回某列的总和 6.3 标量函数(Scalar functions)
函数 描述 ucase(c) 转换为大写 lcase(c) 转换为小写 mid(c, start[, end]) 从文本提取字符 len(c) 返回文本长度 instr(c, char) 返回在文本中指定字符的数值位置 left(c, number_of_char) 返回文本的左侧部分 right(c, number_of_char) 返回文本的右侧部分 round(c, decimals) 对数值指定小数位数四舍五入 mod(x, y) 取余(求模) now() 返回当前的系统日期 format(c, format) 格式化显示 datediff(d, date1, date2) 日期计算
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版权声明:本文为CSDN博主「熬过无人问津的日子才会有远方」的原创文章,遵循CC 4.0 BY-SA版权协议,转载请附上原文出处链接及本声明。
原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/Java_Caiyo/article/details/117172001